Fahrenheit 3,600

Everywhere you look, the gas turbine industry is running hot

One of the basic rules of gas turbines is that the hotter the gas that enters the work-producing turbine from the combustor, the greater the thermal efficiency and output. Still, there are limits. Turbine inlet temperatures in the gas path of modern high-performance jet engines usually don't exceed 3,000°F, while non-aviation gas turbines operate at 2,700°F or lower

But 3,600°F? That temperature exceeds the melting point of iron and the boiling point of molten silver. And yet the turbine airfoils in the new F135 jet engine that powers the Joint Strike Fighter Lightning II are capable of operating at these extreme temperatures. The F135 gas turbine is the first production jet engine in this new 3,600°F class, designed to withstand these highest, record-breaking turbine inlet temperatures

There have been, in fact, quite a few accomplishments in the gas turbine industry over the last year. GE put into operation a simple-cycle 100 MW turbine that runs at 46 percent efficiency. Pratt & Whitney ramped up production of engines for a new class of aircraft, the very light jet. And construction of the first pebble bed nuclear reactor, set to be built in South Africa, was placed on the schedule

But 3,600°F? That's hot. The JSF engine represents a bold—and necessary—step forward. This 40,000-pound thrust engine will power all three variants of the JSF: an Air Force fighter that takes off conventionally, a carrier-based Navy jet, and a short takeoff/vertical landing aircraft for the Marines. The STOVL version is the first aircraft to be able to do the "Hat Trick"—take off in a short distance, go into supersonic flight, then hover and land vertically. These varied missions require a very high thrust-to-weight ratio, and thus high turbine inlet temperatures

Last December, at Pratt & Whitney's Middletown, Conn., plant, Ed Crow, retired senior vice president and head of engineering at Pratt, took a few of us from the University of Connecticut Mechanical Engineering Department to view a F135 engine disassembled after 600 to 800 hours of operation. The blades and vanes of the high turbine, clad with ceramic thermal barrier coatings, are made of single crystal superalloys, which soften and melt at temperatures between 2,200 and 2,600°F. (Single crystal alloys were the subject of an article, "Crown Jewels," in ME magazine in February 2006.) Turbine airfoils closest to the combustor operate in a gas stream that can exceed their superalloy melting point by 1,000°F

  So how do turbine airfoils survive running conditions in this 3,600°F class engine? The vanes and blades are cooled to maintain acceptable service temperatures, some eight-tenths to nine-tenths of their melting temperature. Each high-temperature turbine airfoil is formed from an elaborate investment casting to accommodate the intricate internal passages and surface hole patterns necessary to channel and direct cooling air (bled from the compressor) within and over external surfaces of the airfoil structure. An error in airfoil cooling hole location or in cooling air pressure ratios could cause airfoil gas path inhalation rather than film cooling exhalation, which at the JSF's high turbine gas path temperatures would induce airfoil expiration. The JSF turbine film cooling design is based on some 30 years of gas turbine industry film cooling research and development, and unequivocally pushes forward the state-of-the-art of turbine performance and durability

The JSF engine is just one product in the $3.7 billion military gas turbine market, which includes jet engine production for the world's fighter aircraft—such as the F15, F16, F22, F35, and Typhoon—military cargo, transport, refueling, and special-purpose aircraft. And that's just a fraction of the total worldwide gas turbine market

Foran and Tribon are the most famous softwares in ship building with a wide and perfect database . Here you can see some softwares that are used in shipbuilding . These are not all but They are the best ones

Tribon M3 is an integrated software system for ship design and offers the highest quality in the design and production processes. The first Tribon packages have been developed by Tribon Solutions (former Kockums Computer Systems). In 2004 Tribon Solutions have been acquired by AVEVA Group plc (formerly known as Cadcentre). M3 is the last Tribon version. It includes initial design modules, basic design, hull modeling, outfitting modeling modules, assembly planing and work preparation modules. Works on Windows systems and is developed exclusively for shipbuilding industry

Vantage Marine is a new product developed by AVEVA and based on their famous PDMS (Plant Design Management System). At this stage Vantage Marine is a combination of PDMS outfitting modules and Tribon M3 Hull and basic design applications

FORAN is another integrated ship design software system. It is developed by SENER, a private engineering and consultancy concern set up in 1956 providing the market with solutions for those problems that have a high technical and/or scientific content. FORAN covers hull and outfitting design and have an accomodation module as well. In accommodation module, the designer can either work on 2D drawings by decks or take a 3D approach. Both working modes can be used indistinctly to achieve the same final results. FORAN's Naval Arhitecture module includes complete calculation of hydrostatic values, Bonjean curves, deadweight scale, etc. , ship compartments, load conditions, complete dynamic calculations and analysis, towing resistance and manoeuvrability

NUPAS-CADMATIC is a joint venture of Cadmatic Oy and Numeriek Centrum Groningen B.V. It is a unique CAD/CAE/CAM solution for shipyards and consulting engineering offices interested in improving their efficiency in design, engineering and production. It is clearly a new generation of open software for hull, machinery & piping, outfitting and interior design, engineering and producing a variety of production information as well

IntelliShip developed by Integraph, designed specifically for the shipbuilding industry processes and business requirements, IntelliShip provides a full range of flexible ship design, production, and life cycle management capabilities within a single integrated environment.
The IntelliShip 6.0 release available now, provides new capabilities and enhancements in ship molded form design, manufacturing planning, structural manufacturing and drawings.
Intergraph now also provides capability to reference AVEVA Tribon hull objects and structural designs in IntelliShip for outfitting. The capability allows Tribon users to apply advanced Intergraph technology for outfitting while continuing to use Tribon for structural tasks

Autoship hull design/surface modelling program combines the graphical user interface of Windows with the dexterity of NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline) mathematics, the high-end CAD standard for surface modelling, to give you the tools to quickly and efficiently create any hull shape from a racing yacht to a super tanker, including the superstructure, appendages and foils

ShipConstructor
3D Product Modeling - Planning - Checking - Production Output
ShipConstructor handles all 3D modeling aspects of ship design, including hull-fairing, lofting, structure, equipment, piping, penetrations, and HVAC. The generation of production drawings and reports is fully integrated with build strategy planning, plate nesting, profile nesting, assembly drawing and spool drawing generation, as well as NC-coding.
All modules are completely integrated with an SQL Server database for easy project management and integration with any other database system

CATIA V5 is the leading product development solution for all manufacturing organizations. CATIA V5 can be applied in a wide variety of industries, such as aerospace, automotive, industrial machinery, electrical, electronics, shipbuilding, plant design, and consumer goods, including design for such diverse products as jewelry and clothing. It facilitates true collaborative engineering across the multi-disciplinary extended enterprise, including style and form design, mechanical design and equipment and systems engineering, managing digital mock-up, machining, analysis, and simulation

Please contact me : sadeghio2@asme.org